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<div id="aqgwbbhhdpu" class="NyNewDetail_Content" id="c_detail_wrap"> <p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">污水處理中有機物含量的綜合指標有兩類，一類是以與水中有機物量相當的需氧量(O2)表示的指標，如生化需氧量BOD、化學需氧量COD和總需氧量TOD等;另一類是以碳(c)表示的指標，如總有機碳TOC。對于同一種污水來講，這幾種指標的數值一般是不同的，按數值大小的排列順序為TOD>COD>BOD5>TOC。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px;"><br/></p><section data-id="1174" data-md5="29533"><section data-md5="29533" data-tools="小螞蟻編輯器" label="Powered by xmyeditor.com"><section data-md5="29533"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-md5="29533"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-color-163686101211810="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-color-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-md5="29533"><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">1、總需氧量TOD</span></p><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">總需氧量TOD是指水中的還原性物質在高溫下燃燒后變成穩(wěn)定的氧化物時所需要的氧量，結果以mg/L計。TOD值可以反映出水中幾乎全部有機物(包括碳C、氫H、氧O、氮N、磷P、硫S等成分)經燃燒后變成CO2、H2O、NOx、SO2等時所需要消耗的氧量。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">TOD比BOD、COD和高錳酸鹽指數更接近于理論需氧量值。但它們之間也沒有固定的相關關系。有的研究指出，BOD5/TOD=0.1~0.6，COD/TOD=0.5~0.9，具體比值取決于廢水的性質。<br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; list-style: none; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>總需氧量TOD的測定，是在特殊的燃燒器中，以鉑為催化劑，于900℃下將有機物燃燒氧化所消耗氧的量，該測定結果比COD更接近理論需氧量。TOD用儀器測定只需約3min可得結果，所以，有分析速度快、方法簡便，干擾小、精度高等優(yōu)點，受到了人們的重視。如果TOD與BOD5間能確定它們的相關系數，則以TOD指標指導生產有更好的實用意義。</span></p><p><br/></p><section data-id="1174" data-md5="062f0"><section data-md5="062f0" data-tools="小螞蟻編輯器" label="Powered by xmyeditor.com"><section data-md5="062f0"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-md5="062f0"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-color-163686101211810="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-color-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-md5="062f0"><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">2、總有機碳TOC</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;"><br/></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">總有機碳TOC是間接表示水中有機物含量的一種綜合指標，其顯示的數據是污水中有機物的總含碳量，單位以碳(C)的mg/L來表示。一般城市污水的TOC可達200mg/L，工業(yè)污水的TOC范圍較寬，高的可達幾萬mg/L，污水經過二級生物處理后的TOC 一般<50mg/L。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">總有機碳TOC的測定類似于TOD的測定，是在900℃高溫下，以鉑作催化劑，使水樣氧化燃燒，測定氣體中CO2的增量，從而確定水樣中總的含碳量，表示水樣中有機物總量的綜合指標。由于TOC的測定采用高溫燃燒，因此能將有機物全部氧化，它比BOD或COD 更能直接表示有機物的總量。因此常被用來評價水體中有機物污染的程度。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;"><br/></span></p><section data-id="1174" data-md5="6142c"><section data-md5="6142c" data-tools="小螞蟻編輯器" label="Powered by xmyeditor.com"><section data-md5="6142c"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-md5="6142c"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-color-163686101211810="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-color-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-md5="6142c"><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">3、化學需氧量COD</span></p><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">化學需氧量COD是指在一定條件下，水中有機物與強氧化劑(如重鉻酸鉀、高錳酸鉀等)作用所消耗的氧化劑折合成氧的量，以氧的mg/L計。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">當用重鉻酸鉀作為氧化劑時，水中有機物幾乎可以全部(90%一95%)被氧化，此時所消耗的氧化劑折合成氧的量即是通常所稱的化學需氧量，常簡寫為CODcr。污水的CODcr值不僅包含了水中的幾乎所有有機物被氧化的耗氧量，同時還包括了水中亞硝酸鹽、亞鐵鹽、硫化物等還原性無機物被氧化的耗氧量。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">用高錳酸鉀作為氧化劑測得的化學需氧量被稱為高錳酸鉀指數或耗氧量，英文簡寫為CODMn或OC，單位為mg/L。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">由于高錳酸鉀的氧化能力比重鉻酸鉀要弱，同一水樣的高錳酸鉀指數的具體值CODMn一般都低于其CODCr值，即CODMn只能表示水中容易氧化的有機物或無機物的含量。因此，我國及歐美等許多國家都把CODCr作為控制有機物污染的綜合性指標，而只將高錳酸鉀指數CODMn作為評價監(jiān)測海水、河流、湖泊等地表水體或飲用水有機物含量的一種指標。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">由于高錳酸鉀對苯、纖維素、有機酸類和氨基酸類等有機物幾乎沒有氧化作用，而重鉻酸鉀對這些有機物差不多都能氧化，因此使用CODCr作為表示廢水的污染程度和控制污水處理過程的參數更為合適。但由于高錳酸鉀指數CODMn測定簡單、迅速，在對較清凈的地表水進行水質評價時仍使用CODMn來表示其受到的污染程度，即其中的有機物數量。</span></p><p><br/></p><section style="text-align: center;"><br/></section><section data-id="1174" data-md5="bd1d1"><section data-md5="bd1d1" data-tools="小螞蟻編輯器" label="Powered by xmyeditor.com"><section data-md5="bd1d1"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-md5="bd1d1"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-color-163686101211810="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-color-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-md5="bd1d1"><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">4、生化需氧量BOD</span></p><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">生化需氧量全稱為生物化學需氧量，簡寫為BOD，它表示在溫度為20℃和有氧的條件下，好氧微生物分解水中有機物的生物化學氧化過程中消耗的溶解氧量，也就是水中可生物降解有機物穩(wěn)定化所需要的氧量，單位為mg/L。BOD不僅包括水中好氧微生物的增長繁殖或呼吸作用所消耗的氧量，還包括了硫化物、亞鐵等還原性無機物所耗用的氧量，但這一部分的所占比例通常很小。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">在20℃的自然條件下，有機物氧化到硝化階段、即實現全部分解穩(wěn)定所需時間在100d以上，但實際上常用20℃時20d的生化需氧量BOD20近似地代表*生化需氧量。生產應用中仍嫌20d的時間太長，一般采用20℃時5d的生化需氧量BOD5作為衡量污水中有機物含量的指標。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px;"><br/></p><section data-id="1174" data-md5="b29d9"><section data-md5="b29d9" data-tools="小螞蟻編輯器" label="Powered by xmyeditor.com"><section data-md5="b29d9"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-md5="b29d9"><section data-darkmode-bgcolor-163686101211810="rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-color-163686101211810="rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-darkmode-original-bgcolor-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(216, 40, 33)" data-darkmode-original-color-163686101211810="#fff|rgb(255, 255, 255)" data-md5="b29d9"><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">5、BOD5與COD的關系</span></p><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">BOD5不僅僅是一個重要的水質指標，更是污水生物處現過程中的一個極為重要的控制參數。但是由于測定時間較長(5d)，不能及時反映和指導污水處理裝置的運行，只能用于工藝效果評價和長周期的工藝調控。對于特定的污水處理廠，可以建立BOD5和COD的相關關系，用COD粗略估計BOD5值來指導處理工藝的調整。有時會因為某些生產污水不具備微生物生長繁殖的條件(如存在有毒有機物)，無法準確測定其BOD5值。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">化驗污水的化學需氧量COD值可以較準確地測定水中有機物含量，但化學需氧量COD不能區(qū)別可生物降解有機物和不可生物降解的有機物。人們習慣于利用測定污水的BOD5/COD來判斷其可生化性，一般認為，污水的BOD5/COD大于0.3就可以利用生物降解法進行處理，如果污水的BOD5/COD低于0.2則只能考慮采用其他方法進行處理。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 隸書, SimLi;">化學需氧量COD值一般高于生化需氧量BOD5值，其間的差值能夠大概反映污水中不能被微生物降解的有機物含量。對于污染物成分相對固定的污水來說，COD與BOD5之間一般都有一定的比例關系，可以互相推算。加上COD的測定所用時間較少，按回流2h的國家標準方法來化驗，從取樣到出結果，只需要3~ 4h，而測定BOD5值卻需要5d時間，因此在實際污水處理運行管理中，常利用COD作為控制指標。</span></p> </div> <div id="aqgwbbhhdpu" class="NyPro_PrevNext"> <p class="NyProPrev"><img src="/skins/257424/images/jt10.png" />上一個：<a href="/jsshengaohua-Article-2996594/">水質重金屬的測定</a></p> <a href="/article.html" class="NyProAll"><img src="/skins/257424/images/ProAll.png" />返回列表</a> <p class="NyProNext">下一個：<a href="/jsshengaohua-Article-2994521/">選購COD回流智能消解儀要掌握這些內容</a><img src="/skins/257424/images/jt11.png" /></p> <div id="aqgwbbhhdpu" class="clear"></div> </div> </div> </div>   <div id="aqgwbbhhdpu" class="lyFoot"> <div 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